Resources Repository
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BookPublication 2003WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
This 2003 guide provides a method of assessing the cost-effectiveness of health interventions for an …
This 2003 guide provides a method of assessing the cost-effectiveness of health interventions for an international audience. The authors aim to inform the policy maker and to maximize the generalizability of results across settings. Part I begins with a description of cost-effectiveness analysis. It then considers issues relating to study design, estimating costs, assessing health effects, discounting, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, and reporting results. Part II provides examples to illustrate the principles in Part I. Detailed discussions…
Evidence Synthesis | Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Priority Setting/Ethics | Mathematical Models | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Health/Medicine | Global -
Working PaperPublication 2024Economic Evaluation Primer
Economic evaluation is a powerful tool, encouraging the systematic collection and assessment of the evidence …
Economic evaluation is a powerful tool, encouraging the systematic collection and assessment of the evidence needed to support sound policy decisions. In low- and middle-income countries, where resources are especially scarce and needs are very great, such decisions are exceptionally difficult. In these settings, economic evaluation can be particularly useful in determining how to best improve health and welfare. Typically, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is used to prioritize interventions within the health care sector. This approach…
Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Priority Setting/Ethics | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Policy/Regulation | Global -
Tutorial/PrimerPublication, Teaching Resource 2024Tutorial: Building Decision Trees
This tutorial illustrates the basic steps needed to develop decision trees in Amua using a …
This tutorial illustrates the basic steps needed to develop decision trees in Amua using a disease screening example. It details the process of how to build the structure of a decision tree, parameterize the model with probabilities and relevant outcomes (i.e., life expectancy), evaluate three alternative screening strategies in a baseline scenario, and perform one-way sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the results to different parameter values. Amua, the Swahili word meaning “decide”/“solve”, is…
Probability/Bayes | Decision Analysis | Mathematical Models | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine | Graduate | Doctoral | Professional -
Resource PackWeb Portal, Teaching Resource 2023Resource Pack: Cost-Effectiveness of Screening and Treatment for Hypertension
Hypertension is a relevant example for teaching clinical decision making, diagnostic test performance, positivity criterion, …
Hypertension is a relevant example for teaching clinical decision making, diagnostic test performance, positivity criterion, and cost-effectiveness analysis. This resource pack provides examples of decision analyses and cost-effectiveness analyses for the management and treatment of hypertension, with a predominant focus on the U.S. Analyses are included that predate the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Practice Guidelines, along with more recent examples that followed release of the guidelines. Resources are also included that…
Test Performance | Decision Analysis | Preferences/Values | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Chronic Disease/Risk | Clinical Care | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Science/Technology | North America | Europe | Graduate | Doctoral | Professional | Critical Thinking/Analysis | Policy Translation | Quantitative Literacy -
ExerciseNone, Teaching Resource 2024Lab: Giant Cell Arteritis Decision Tree Model
This tutorial walks through the development of a decision tree model focused on Giant Cell …
This tutorial walks through the development of a decision tree model focused on Giant Cell Arteritis. It describes how to build the model structure, assign probabilities and outcomes based on imperfect test characteristics and epidemiologic estimates, evaluate alternative treatment strategies, and conduct one-way sensitivity analyses to assess which model parameters may impact the optimal treatment choice. Amua, the Swahili word meaning “decide”/“solve”, is an open source modeling framework and probabilistic programming language for decision analysis…
Probability/Bayes | Decision Analysis | Mathematical Models | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine | Graduate | Doctoral | Professional -
ArticlePublication 2013Modeling the Effectiveness of Initial Management Strategies for Ductal Carcinoma in Situ
This paper compares alternative strategies to manage ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The authors used …
This paper compares alternative strategies to manage ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The authors used a disease simulation model to simulate the clinical events after six treatments (lumpectomy alone, lumpectomy with radiation, lumpectomy with radiation and tamoxifen, lumpectomy with tamoxifen, and mastectomy with and without breast reconstruction). Outcomes included disease-free, invasive disease-free, overall survival and breast preservation. Data were from the published literature. The results showed that for women aged 45 years at diagnosis, both mastectomy…
Decision Analysis | Health Outcomes | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine -
Tutorial/PrimerPublication, Teaching Resource 2023Conducting Trial-Based Economic Evaluations Using R: A Tutorial
Trial-based economic evaluations are increasingly conducted to support healthcare decision-making but there are inevitable methodological …
Trial-based economic evaluations are increasingly conducted to support healthcare decision-making but there are inevitable methodological challenges. This tutorial provides step-by-step guidance on how to combine appropriate statistical methods using a ready-to-use R script, and addresses missing data, correlated costs and effects, baseline imbalances, and skewness of costs and/or effects. The authors also provide the theoretical background of these methods, and demonstrate their application through a simulated trial-based economic evaluation.
Evidence Synthesis | Costing Methods | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Graduate | Doctoral | Professional | Quantitative Literacy -
ArticlePublication 2023Simulation-Based Comparative Effectiveness Analysis of Policies to Improve Global Maternal Health Outcomes
The Sustainable Development Goals include a target to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) …
The Sustainable Development Goals include a target to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) to less than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030, with no individual country exceeding 140. However, on current trends the goals are unlikely to be met. The authors used an empirically calibrated Global Maternal Health microsimulation model, which simulates individual women in 200 countries and territories to evaluate the impact of different interventions and strategies from 2022…
Calibration/Validation | Health Outcomes | Mathematical Models | Microsimulation | Maternal/Reproductive Health | Health Systems | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine | Global -
DataPublication 2023Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2020
This report presents global, regional, and country-level estimates and trends for maternal mortality between 2000 …
This report presents global, regional, and country-level estimates and trends for maternal mortality between 2000 and 2020 produced by the United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG).* The estimates are intended to inform progress in maternal mortality to support national efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.1, to reduce maternal mortality to less than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030. The report is accompanied by a set of country…
Evidence Synthesis | Health Outcomes | Mathematical Models | Maternal/Reproductive Health | Health/Medicine | Global