Resources Repository
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ArticlePublication 2020Translating Population Evidence to Individual Patients
In this paper, the authors describe the differences in population level outcomes compared to individual …
In this paper, the authors describe the differences in population level outcomes compared to individual patients and discuss ways that these are differences. The authors cover topics including the difference between relative and absolute risk and benefit. They use an example of the decision to start anticoagulation in new-onset atrial fibrillation to discuss translating population level evidence to treatment of an individual. These options include generalizability, subgroup analysis, prediction rules, following response to therapy, and even…
Evidence Synthesis | Test Performance | Health Systems | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine -
ArticlePublication 2020Equity & Distributional Impact on Stunting of a Nutritional Package, Children Aged 6-36 Months in China: Modeling Study Findings
This article evaluates the potential impact of rolling out the Ying Yang Bao (YYB) nutritional …
This article evaluates the potential impact of rolling out the Ying Yang Bao (YYB) nutritional package on child stunting across provinces and wealth groups in China, focusing on equity. Utilizing data from the China Family Panel Studies and extended cost-effectiveness analysis methods, the study estimates the distributional impact of a 12-month YYB program for children aged 6-36 months across 25 provinces and two wealth groups. Results indicate that a 75% coverage of YYB could avert…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Outcomes | Mathematical Models | Child/Nutrition | Health/Medicine | Asia & Pacific -
ArticlePublication 2020Premature Deaths, Statistical Lives, and Years of Life
This article clarifies some misconceptions about mortality risk and economic valuation. The mortality effects of …
This article clarifies some misconceptions about mortality risk and economic valuation. The mortality effects of exposure to environmental hazards such as air pollution are often described by the estimated number of “premature deaths” and the economic value of an exposure reduction as the number of “statistical lives saved” multiplied by the “value per statistical life.” These terms can be misleading because the number of deaths advanced by exposure cannot be determined from mortality data; it…
Benefit-Cost Analysis | Preferences/Values | Health Outcomes | Environmental Health | Policy/Regulation | College | Graduate | Critical Thinking/Analysis -
ArticlePublication 2017Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction Policies
This chapter summarizes lessons learned from three extended cost-effectiveness analyses (ECEAs) conducted on cardiovascular disease …
This chapter summarizes lessons learned from three extended cost-effectiveness analyses (ECEAs) conducted on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor reduction policies, specifically highlighting new insights into the differential impacts of well-established CVD prevention interventions. Tobacco taxation, salt reduction, and primary prevention of CVD in high-risk individuals remain widely regarded as best buys in global noncommunicable disease policy, and the ECEAs confirm the findings of previous CEAs, namely, that these interventions will likely result in large health…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Priority Setting/Ethics | Evidence Synthesis | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health/Medicine | Global -
ReportPublication 2018Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update
This report from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) presents the latest reporting on key …
This report from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) presents the latest reporting on key human development indices and statistics. It provides a snapshot of current conditions and long-term trends and culminates with a comprehensive statistical annex of human development composite indices and indicators across several dimensions (e.g., health, education, poverty, and inequality). The publication emphasizes that while people are living longer and are more educated than ever before, this may not automatically translate to…
Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Social Determinants | Health Systems | Climate/Environment | Economics/Finance | Education/Labor | Health/Medicine | Science/Technology | Global -
ReportPublication 2019Human Development Report 2019: Beyond Income, Beyond Averages, Beyond Today
This 2019 Human Development Report, published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), explores …
This 2019 Human Development Report, published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), explores the contemporary nature of inequalities in human development. Additional resources include digital versions and translations of the Report and the overview in more than 10 languages, an interactive web version of the Report, a set of background papers and think pieces commissioned for the Report, interactive data visualizations and databases of human development indicators, full explanations of the sources and…
Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Social Determinants | Health Systems | Climate/Environment | Economics/Finance | Education/Labor | Health/Medicine | Science/Technology | Global -
ArticlePublication 2019Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of Vaccination Strategies Against Tuberculosis
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis, but its effectiveness is limited …
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis, but its effectiveness is limited and varies by age, so a valid cost-effectiveness study is needed to assist decision-makers in the implementation of cost-effective strategies for BCG vaccination. Using the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument, the authors assessed the quality of published studies involving economic evaluations of BCG vaccination strategies in a variety of regions, target populations, and vaccine types. Most of the…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Evidence Synthesis | Mathematical Models | Infectious Diseases | Health/Medicine | Global -
ArticlePublication 2018Comparing Cost-per-QALYs Gained to Cost-per-DALYs Averted
The authors examined 6,438 cost-per-QALY and 543 cost-per-DALY studies published through 2016 using two databases, …
The authors examined 6,438 cost-per-QALY and 543 cost-per-DALY studies published through 2016 using two databases, the Tufts Medical Center CEA Registry (cost-per-QALY gained studies), and the Global Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (GHCEA) Registry (cost-per-DALY averted studies). Study characteristics that were analyzed included intervention type, sponsor, country, primary disease, and number of CEAs versus disease burden estimates for major conditions. The authors report that cost-per-QALY studies were most often about pharmaceuticals or interventions in high-income countries while cost-per-DALY…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Evidence Synthesis | Policy/Regulation | Health/Medicine | Global -
ReportPublication 2018Understanding the Economics of Microbial Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop
This report follows a June 2018, Forum on Microbial Threats that was held at the …
This report follows a June 2018, Forum on Microbial Threats that was held at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This was a 1.5-day public workshop with the goal being an assessment of the current understanding of the interaction of infectious disease threats and economic activity in order to suggest future areas of research. This workshop built on prior work of the Forum and aimed to build more mutual understanding between those in…
Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Technology Assessment | Infectious Diseases | Policy/Regulation | Global Governance | Clinical Care | Business/Industry | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global