Resources Repository
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ArticlePublication 2020Bayes' Theorem, COVID-19, and Screening Tests
This article reviews the implications of increased testing for COVID-19 using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain …
This article reviews the implications of increased testing for COVID-19 using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) through the application of Bayes’ Theorem for three hypothetical, stylized case scenarios. The scenarios involve three patients with a low, moderate, and high pre-test probability of COVID-19 infection. The category of low probability would include "asymptomatic individuals in a presumed low prevalence environment" and might vary from 10 to 20%. The category of moderate probability would include "individuals…
Test Performance | Probability/Bayes | Infectious Diseases | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine -
ArticlePublication 2020Interpreting COVID-19 Test Results: A Bayesian Approach
This article considers the following question with respect to interpreting the results of polymerase chain reaction …
This article considers the following question with respect to interpreting the results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays from nasal and pharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 to inform clinical decision making: "While a positive result in an acutely ill patient is straightforward, how should physicians interpret negative tests in patients with suspected COVID-19 infection?" Using an assumption of near-perfect specificity of PCR assays for COVID-19, the authors acknowledge the uncertainty of test sensitivity. They consider two clinical scenarios…
Test Performance | Probability/Bayes | Infectious Diseases | Health/Medicine | Science/Technology | Global -
ArticlePublication 2020Translating Population Evidence to Individual Patients
In this paper, the authors describe the differences in population level outcomes compared to individual …
In this paper, the authors describe the differences in population level outcomes compared to individual patients and discuss ways that these are differences. The authors cover topics including the difference between relative and absolute risk and benefit. They use an example of the decision to start anticoagulation in new-onset atrial fibrillation to discuss translating population level evidence to treatment of an individual. These options include generalizability, subgroup analysis, prediction rules, following response to therapy, and even…
Test Performance | Evidence Synthesis | Health Systems | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine -
ArticlePublication 2020Clinical Decision Making: Using a Diagnostic Test
This article is part of a 6-part series on clinical decision making. The authors use …
This article is part of a 6-part series on clinical decision making. The authors use two clinical examples to review the principles of interpreting diagnostic test results. They outline an approach that can be used to determine how to select and apply tests and their results to the practice of internal medicine. Topics covered in the two case studies include sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive value of tests, and how to estimate…
Test Performance | Probability/Bayes | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine -
ArticlePublication 2020Expanding Oral Disease Treatment is Cost Effective
This study developed a stochastic microsimulation model of oral health conditions, type-2 diabetes (T2D), T2D-related …
This study developed a stochastic microsimulation model of oral health conditions, type-2 diabetes (T2D), T2D-related microvascular diseases, and CVD, to project the cost-effectiveness of expanding periodontal treatment coverage among patients with T2D and periodontitis. Previous randomized trials found that treating periodontitis improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), thus lowering the risks of developing T2D-related microvascular diseases and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The micro-simulation model parameters were obtained from the nationally representative National…
Calibration/Validation | Mathematical Models | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health/Medicine | North America | Graduate -
ArticlePublication 2019Measuring Progress Towards Universal Health Coverage
This article, published in BMJ Global Health, aims to estimate the 2015 national and subnational …
This article, published in BMJ Global Health, aims to estimate the 2015 national and subnational universal health coverage (UHC) service coverage status for Ethiopia. The UHC service coverage index is constructed from the geometric means of component indicators: first, within each of four major categories and then across all components to obtain the final summary index. The authors estimate UHC service coverage at the subnational level using a variety of surveys and routinely collected administrative…
Test Performance | Health Systems | Health/Medicine | Sub-Saharan Africa -
ReportPublication 2016DCP3: Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health
This report from the World Bank is the second volume of the Disease Control Priorities, …
This report from the World Bank is the second volume of the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) series. It focuses primarily on maternal conditions, childhood illnesses, and malnutrition, addressing topics from maternal mortality and morbidity, to acute illness and undernutrition in children under five, to the transition to older childhood and the illnesses that accompany this transition. The Disease Control Priorities Network (DCP) promotes and supports the use of economic evaluation for priority setting…
Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Maternal/Reproductive Health | Child/Nutrition | Health Systems | Global Governance | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global -
ReportPublication 2017DCP3: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty
This report from the World Bank is the ninth and final volume of the Disease …
This report from the World Bank is the ninth and final volume of the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) series. It provides an overview of the findings and methods explored in the first eight volumes, placing them within a framework that identifies an efficient pathway toward essential universal health coverage through the implementation of 21 essential packages that include health interventions and fiscal and intersectoral policies. The Disease Control Priorities Network (DCP) promotes and…
Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Infectious Diseases | Maternal/Reproductive Health | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Mental Health | Injuries/Accidents | Social Determinants | Health Systems | Policy/Regulation | Global Governance | Economics/Finance | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Science/Technology | Global -
ReportPublication 2017DCP3: Injury Prevention and Environmental Health
This report from the World Bank is the seventh volume of the Disease Control Priorities, …
This report from the World Bank is the seventh volume of the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) series and focuses on injury prevention and environmental health. The burden of death and disability resulting from interpersonal violence, road traffic injuries, unintentional injuries, occupational health risks, and climate and pollution falls disproportionately on low- and middle- income countries. This report examines risk factors and offers an economic analysis of platforms to deliver cost-effective interventions to prevent…
Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Injuries/Accidents | Environmental Health | Policy/Regulation | Global Governance | Climate/Environment | Culture/Society | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global