Resources Repository
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ArticlePublication 2016Country-Level Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds
This article estimates the cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) for health interventions in several low and middle-income …
This article estimates the cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) for health interventions in several low and middle-income countries (LMICs), based on opportunity costs. When there are constraints on a health care system’s budget or ability to increase expenditures, additional costs imposed by interventions have an “opportunity cost” in terms of the health foregone because other interventions cannot be provided. The authors argue that cost-effectiveness thresholds should reflect health opportunity cost and aim to calculate these in four…
Europe | Latin America & Caribbean | Sub-Saharan Africa | Priority Setting/Ethics | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Middle East & North Africa | Asia & Pacific -
Resource PackPublication, Teaching Resource 2020Resource Pack: Cost-Effectiveness of SSB Excise Taxes
The use of fiscal instruments, such as taxes or subsidies, to promote healthier dietary behavior …
The use of fiscal instruments, such as taxes or subsidies, to promote healthier dietary behavior has been of increasing interest in the last decade as the evidence-base builds for the health and economic consequences of obesity, overweight, and unhealthy eating. The motivation for using fiscal instruments in nutrition policy is to make the unhealthy option less affordable and less economically attractive by increasing the price via a tax, and therefore reduce the incentive to consume…
Europe | Latin America & Caribbean | Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Mathematical Models | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Policy/Regulation | Business/Industry | Economics/Finance | Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | North America | Oceania -
ArticlePublication 2018DALYS and QALYs – Does the Choice of Measure Matter?
This article discusses the measurement of health benefits as a key issue in health economic …
This article discusses the measurement of health benefits as a key issue in health economic evaluations. Authors adapted two previously published models, a Markov model for human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination, and a pneumococcal vaccination deterministic model (PNEUMO) that reported outputs in QALYs to estimate DALYs in 3 settings, Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom. While the authors found that QALY gains were larger than DALYs avoided in all countries for HPV, differences using QALYs…
Europe | Latin America & Caribbean | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Infectious Diseases | Policy/Regulation | Health/Medicine -
ArticlePublication 2017Cost Determinants of Routine Infant Immunization Services
The EPIC study collected data on routine infant immunization costs from Benin, Ghana, Honduras, Moldova, …
The EPIC study collected data on routine infant immunization costs from Benin, Ghana, Honduras, Moldova, Uganda, Zambia, using a standardized approach. The authors estimated how costs were distributed across budget categories and programmatic activities, and investigated how the cost structure of immunization sites varied by country and site characteristics. For each country, the economic costs of infant immunization were estimated by administrative level, budget category, and programmatic activity from a program perspective. Regression models were…
Latin America & Caribbean | Sub-Saharan Africa | Costing Methods | Infectious Diseases | Child/Nutrition | Health Systems | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine -
ArticlePublication 2017Getting it Right When Budgets are Tight: Prioritizing Responses to HIV Epidemics
Prioritizing investments across health interventions is complicated by the nonlinear relationship between intervention coverage and …
Prioritizing investments across health interventions is complicated by the nonlinear relationship between intervention coverage and epidemiological outcomes. It can be difficult for countries to know which interventions to prioritize for greatest epidemiological impact, particularly when budgets are uncertain.The authors examined four case studies of HIV epidemics in diverse settings, each with different characteristics. These case studies were based on public data available for Belarus, Peru, Togo, and Myanmar. The Optima HIV model and software package…
Latin America & Caribbean | Sub-Saharan Africa | Priority Setting/Ethics | Costing Methods | Mathematical Models | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Infectious Diseases | Health Systems | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Middle East & North Africa | Asia & Pacific -
ArticlePublication 2017Estimated Economic Impact of Vaccinations in 73 LMIC, 2001-2020
This analysis estimates the economic impact likely to be achieved by efforts to vaccinate against 10 …
This analysis estimates the economic impact likely to be achieved by efforts to vaccinate against 10 vaccine-preventable diseases between 2001 and 2020 in 73 low- and middle-income countries largely supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. The authors used health impact models to estimate the economic impact of achieving forecasted coverages for vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, Japanese encephalitis, measles, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, rotavirus, rubella, Streptococcus pneumoniae and yellow fever. In…
Latin America & Caribbean | Sub-Saharan Africa | Health Outcomes | State-Transition | Dynamic Transmission | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Infectious Diseases | Child/Nutrition | Health Systems | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Middle East & North Africa | Asia & Pacific -
Resource PortalPublication, Teaching Resource 2017Immunization Financing: A Resource Guide
This resource guide compiles 26 briefs on topics related to the cost and financing of …
This resource guide compiles 26 briefs on topics related to the cost and financing of national immunization programs in low- and middle-income countries. The guide provides information and analysis to help advocates, policymakers, and program managers assess different financing options, approaches to strategic purchasing, and strategies for policy change, incorporating recent country experience in these areas. The guide is an update to the Immunization Financing Toolkit: A Resource for Policy-Makers and Program Managers, published by…
Latin America & Caribbean | Sub-Saharan Africa | Priority Setting/Ethics | Costing Methods | Infectious Diseases | Health Systems | Global Governance | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Science/Technology | Middle East & North Africa | Asia & Pacific | College | Graduate | Doctoral | Professional | Decision Making/Leadership | Policy Translation | Quantitative Literacy -
ArticlePublication 2016Funding Gap for Immunization Across 94 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
This analysis estimates immunization program costs, potentially available financing, and resulting funding gap for 94 …
This analysis estimates immunization program costs, potentially available financing, and resulting funding gap for 94 low- and middle-income countries over the five-year period of 2016–2020. Vaccine financing by country governments, GAVI, and other development sources was forecasted for vaccine, supply chain, and service delivery based on an analysis of comprehensive multi-year plans together with a series of scenarios. The authors found that that delivery of full vaccination programs across the 94 countries would result in a total…
Latin America & Caribbean | Sub-Saharan Africa | Costing Methods | Mathematical Models | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Infectious Diseases | Health Systems | Global Governance | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Middle East & North Africa | Asia & Pacific -
ReportPublication 2016Above Service Delivery Activities: Cost, Impact, and Efficiency
Costs incurred by health programs for activities conducted above the front-line facility or community setting …
Costs incurred by health programs for activities conducted above the front-line facility or community setting constitute a substantial share of health program spending. Despite the important of these activities in the delivery of major health services, and despite the vast sums spent above the point of service delivery, far less is known about their costs compared with costs at the point of service delivery. This report provides a landscape analysis of these service delivery activities and technical efficiency…
Latin America & Caribbean | Sub-Saharan Africa | Costing Methods | Infectious Diseases | Health Systems | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Asia & Pacific