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ArticlePublication 2018Cost-Effectiveness of Financial Incentives and Disincentives for Improving Food Purchases and Health through SNAP
This analysis estimated the health impact, costs, and cost-effectiveness of food incentives, disincentives, or restrictions …
This analysis estimated the health impact, costs, and cost-effectiveness of food incentives, disincentives, or restrictions in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). A microsimulation model (CVD-PREDICT) was used to compare three policy interventions: (1) a 30% incentive for fruits and vegetables (F&V), (2) a 30% F&V incentive with a restriction of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and (3) a broader incentive/disincentive program for multiple foods that also preserves choice (SNAP-plus). From a societal perspective, all three scenarios…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Policy/Regulation | Business/Industry | Economics/Finance | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2019Impact of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in South Africa: An ECEA
In this paper, the authors conducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis of a newly imposed tax …
In this paper, the authors conducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis of a newly imposed tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in South Africa. They estimated the averted premature deaths related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), financial benefits to households, increased government tax revenues, and healthcare savings for the government, across various income quintiles. The authors found that a 10% SSB tax increase would avert an estimated 8,000 T2DM-related premature deaths over 20 years, with most…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Social Determinants | Policy/Regulation | Health/Medicine | Sub-Saharan Africa -
ReviewPublication 2017Policy Lessons from Health Taxes: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies
This is a systematic review of the research on health taxes intended to generate insights …
This is a systematic review of the research on health taxes intended to generate insights into how such taxes can: (1) reduce consumption of targeted products and related harms, (2) generate revenues for health objectives and distribute the tax burden across income groups in an efficient and equitable manner, and (3) be made politically sustainable. Six scientific and four grey-literature databases were searched for empirical studies of “health taxes” - defined as those intended to…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Evidence Synthesis | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | North America | Latin America & Caribbean | Europe | Oceania -
ArticlePublication 2019Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of SSB Taxes for Reducing Cancer Burden in the U.S.
This analysis evaluated the health outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of a national sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) …
This analysis evaluated the health outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of a national sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax policy for reducing obesity-related cancer in the U.S. A probabilistic cohort state-transition model, the Diet Cancer Outcome Model (DiCOM), was used to project the effect of a national $0.01 per ounce SSB excise tax on 13 obesity-associated cancers among U.S. adults age 20 and older over their lifetime. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using both government affordability and societal perspectives. Results showed…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Mathematical Models | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2016Impact of a Tax on SSB According to Socio-Economic Position: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
This study conducted a literature review to evaluate the differential impact of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) …
This study conducted a literature review to evaluate the differential impact of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes on beverage purchases and consumption, weight outcomes and the amount paid in SSB taxes according to socio-economic position (SEP) in high-income countries. Of the eleven articles identified, three examined the association between variation in SSB taxes and SSB consumption and/or body weight; one evaluated price elasticity estimation of SSB demand, and seven were model-based analyses simulating the effects of…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Evidence Synthesis | Mathematical Models | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Global -
ArticlePublication 2017In Mexico, Evidence of Sustained Consumer Response 2 Years after SSB Tax
This analysis assessed the changes in beverage purchases two years after the implementation of an …
This analysis assessed the changes in beverage purchases two years after the implementation of an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Mexico. Household store purchase data from 6,645 households were analyzed to assess changes in purchases of taxed and untaxed beverages using two separate models that compared 2014 and 2015 (separately) with pre-tax (2012-2013) trends. Results showed that purchases of taxed beverages decreased by 8.2% over the two years on average. The lowest socioeconomic group…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Evidence Synthesis | Mathematical Models | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Latin America & Caribbean -
ArticlePublication 2017Modeled Health Benefits of a SSB Tax across Different Socioeconomic Groups in Australia
This analysis assessed the potential cost-effectiveness, health gains, and financial impacts of a 20% sugar-sweetened …
This analysis assessed the potential cost-effectiveness, health gains, and financial impacts of a 20% sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax for Australia. Australia-specific price elasticities were used to predict decreases in SSB consumption for each socio-economic quintile. Changes in body mass index (BMI) were based on SSB consumption, BMI from the Australian Health Survey, and energy balance equations. Markov cohort models were used to estimate the health-adjusted life years (HALYs) gained, healthcare costs saved, and out-of-pocket costs…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Mathematical Models | State-Transition | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Oceania -
ReportPublication 2016Weighing Down America: The Health and Economic Impact of Obesity
Obesity causes a wide range of chronic diseases, leading to extensive direct health-care costs as …
Obesity causes a wide range of chronic diseases, leading to extensive direct health-care costs as well as indirect costs in terms of lost work time, lower productivity, and premature death. The chronic diseases caused by obesity impose considerable intergenerational costs, including reduced educational attainment and poorer health for those afflicted and their children, potentially creating a downward economic spiral. This report documents the current and projected impact of obesity in the U.S. In 2014, 98.7…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Outcomes | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | North America | Europe -
ArticlePublication 2013Overall and Income Specific Effect of Overweight and Obesity of Sugar Sweetened Drink Tax in UK
This econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study evaluated the overall and income specific effect of …
This econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study evaluated the overall and income specific effect of a 20% tax on sugar sweetened drinks on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the UK. Results showed that a 20% tax on sugar sweetened drinks was estimated to reduce the number of obese adults in the UK by 1.3% or 180,000 people and the number who are overweight by 0.9% or 285,000 people. The predicted reductions in prevalence…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Europe -
ArticlePublication 2016Mexico's SSB Tax Policy Impact on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Modeling Study
In 2014, Mexico instituted a nationwide tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in order to reduce …
In 2014, Mexico instituted a nationwide tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in order to reduce the high level of SSB consumption, a preventable cause of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this analyses, a computer simulation model of CVD was used to project potential long-range health and economic impacts of SSB taxation in Mexico. Two main scenarios were modeled: (1) a 10% reduction in SSB consumption (corresponding to the reduction observed after tax implementation) and…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Mathematical Models | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Latin America & Caribbean -
ArticlePublication 2017Impact of Food Pricing on Improving Dietary Consumption
While food pricing is a promising strategy to improve diet, the prospective impact of food …
While food pricing is a promising strategy to improve diet, the prospective impact of food pricing on diet has not been systematically quantified. This analysis quantified the prospective effect of changes in food prices on dietary consumption through a systematic review of interventional or prospective observational studies of price change and diet. In general, results supported the efficacy of subsidies to increase consumption of healthful foods, and taxation to reduce intake of unhealthful beverages and…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Child/Nutrition | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Global -
ArticlePublication 2019Impact of a Tax on Sweetened Beverages in the Philippines: an ECEA
This study used extended cost-effectiveness analyses to estimate the effect of the sweetened beverages tax …
This study used extended cost-effectiveness analyses to estimate the effect of the sweetened beverages tax in the Philippines on the numbers of premature deaths averted attributed to type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease and stroke, across income quintiles over the period 2018-2037. The study also estimated the financial benefits of the tax from reductions in out-of-pocket payments, direct medical costs averted, and government health-care cost savings. The analysis showed that the tax could avert…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Priority Setting/Ethics | Mathematical Models | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Social Determinants | Policy/Regulation | Health/Medicine | Asia & Pacific -
ArticlePublication 2018State-of-the-Art for Food Taxes to Promote Public Health
This paper reviewed existing applications of fiscal instruments in nutrition policy and derives some perspectives …
This paper reviewed existing applications of fiscal instruments in nutrition policy and derives some perspectives and recommendations from the experiences gained with these instruments. Many countries in different parts of the world have experiences with the taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages, in some cases in combination with taxes on unhealthy food commodities such as confectionery or high-fat foods. These tax schemes have many similarities, but also differ in their definitions of tax objects and in the…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Priority Setting/Ethics | Costing Methods | Child/Nutrition | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Global -
ArticlePublication 2015Cost Effectiveness of a SSB Excise Tax in the U.S.
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been closely linked with excess weight gain, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, …
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been closely linked with excess weight gain, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which has led to public health recommendations for higher taxes on unhealthy drinks like soda and sports drinks. This study estimated the cost-effectiveness of implementing a 1-cent per ounce SSB excise tax in the U.S. The authors developed a simulation model and found that implementing the tax nationally would cost $51 million in the first year and would reduce SSB…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Social Determinants | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2019Cost-Effectiveness of U.S. National SSB Tax with a Multistakeholder Approach: Who Pays and Who Benefits
This analysis estimated the health impact and cost-effectiveness of a national penny-per-ounce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) …
This analysis estimated the health impact and cost-effectiveness of a national penny-per-ounce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax, overall and with stratified costs and benefits for nine distinct stakeholder groups. A microsimulation model (CVD PREDICT) was used to estimate cardiovascular disease reductions, quality-adjusted life years gained, and cost-effectiveness for U.S. adults aged 35 to 85 years, evaluating full and partial consumer price pass-through. Results showed that from both a health care and societal perspective, the SSB tax was…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Policy/Regulation | Business/Industry | Economics/Finance | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2013Nutritional Policy Changes in SNAP: A Microsimulation and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
This analysis estimated the health effects and cost-effectiveness of banning or taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) …
This analysis estimated the health effects and cost-effectiveness of banning or taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) or subsidizing fruits and vegetables purchased with SNAP. The target population was adults in the U.S. and the time horizon was 10 years. Results showed that banning SSB purchases using SNAP benefits would be expected to avert 510,000 diabetes person-years and 52,000 deaths from MIs and strokes over the next decade, with a savings of $2900 per QALY saved. A…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Mathematical Models | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2019Cost Effectiveness of the SSB Excise Tax in Mexico
An excise tax of 1 peso per liter on sugar-sweetened beverages was implemented in Mexico …
An excise tax of 1 peso per liter on sugar-sweetened beverages was implemented in Mexico in 2014. This analysis estimates the cost-effectiveness of this tax as well as an alternative tax scenario of 2 pesos per liter. A cohort simulation model calibrated for Mexico was used to project the impact of the tax over ten years. Results showed that the current tax is projected to prevent 239,900 cases of obesity, 39 percent of which would…
Chronic Disease/Risk | Mathematical Models | State-Transition | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Policy/Regulation | Business/Industry | Economics/Finance | Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Health/Medicine | Latin America & Caribbean
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