Resources Repository
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ArticlePublication 2016Funding Gap for Immunization Across 94 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
This analysis estimates immunization program costs, potentially available financing, and resulting funding gap for 94 …
This analysis estimates immunization program costs, potentially available financing, and resulting funding gap for 94 low- and middle-income countries over the five-year period of 2016–2020. Vaccine financing by country governments, GAVI, and other development sources was forecasted for vaccine, supply chain, and service delivery based on an analysis of comprehensive multi-year plans together with a series of scenarios. The authors found that that delivery of full vaccination programs across the 94 countries would result in a total…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Costing Methods | Mathematical Models | Infectious Diseases | Global Governance | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Sub-Saharan Africa | Middle East & North Africa | Latin America & Caribbean | Asia & Pacific -
ArticlePublication 2016Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Key Messages from DCP3
As part of the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition, the World Bank has published a …
As part of the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition, the World Bank has published a volume on Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health that identifies essential cost-effective health interventions that can be scaled-up now to reduce maternal, newborn and child deaths, and stillbirths. This article summarizes the key findings and estimates the impact and cost of expanded implementation of these interventions. Scaling up all preventive and therapeutic health interventions in these integrated packages from current…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Costing Methods | Maternal/Reproductive Health | Child/Nutrition | Health/Medicine | Global -
ArticlePublication 2016Country-Level Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds
This article estimates the cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) for health interventions in several low and middle-income …
This article estimates the cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) for health interventions in several low and middle-income countries (LMICs), based on opportunity costs. When there are constraints on a health care system’s budget or ability to increase expenditures, additional costs imposed by interventions have an “opportunity cost” in terms of the health foregone because other interventions cannot be provided. The authors argue that cost-effectiveness thresholds should reflect health opportunity cost and aim to calculate these in four…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Priority Setting/Ethics | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Sub-Saharan Africa | Middle East & North Africa | Latin America & Caribbean | Europe | Asia & Pacific -
ArticlePublication 2016Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: Pros and Cons
This WHO bulletin compares the two main methods for comparing the cost-effectiveness of health interventions. …
This WHO bulletin compares the two main methods for comparing the cost-effectiveness of health interventions. Cost-effectiveness thresholds allow health decision makers to identify cost-effectiveness ratios that represent good or bad value for money. In 2001, the World Health Organization's Commission on Macroeconomics in Health suggested cost-effectiveness thresholds based on multiples of a country's per-capita gross domestic product (GDP). In some contexts, these thresholds have been used as decision rules. However, this approach lacks country specificity…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Priority Setting/Ethics | Health/Medicine -
Tutorial/PrimerPublication, Teaching Resource 2016Cost per DALY Thresholds and Health Opportunity Costs
This policy brief aims to explain the cost per DALY threshold and the concepts of …
This policy brief aims to explain the cost per DALY threshold and the concepts of health opportunity costs, especially aimed at low and middle-income countries. The authors state that an assessment of health opportunity costs is required if the best use is to be made of health and healthcare resources. This requires an assessment of whether the improvement in health outcomes they offer exceeds the improvement in health that would have been possible if the…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Priority Setting/Ethics | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global | Graduate | Doctoral | Professional | Critical Thinking/Analysis | Decision Making/Leadership | Policy Translation -
BookPublication 2016Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, 2nd Edition
This is a revised and expanded edition of the original text on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. The …
This is a revised and expanded edition of the original text on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. The Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine included experts drawn from academia, healthcare administration, and government. The book offers advice for conducting analyses to improve the allocation of health resources, and is intended for economists, policy analysts, hospital executives, and students across health, business, and humanities disciplines. New components of this edition, include an in-depth review of the past 20…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Preferences/Values | Priority Setting/Ethics | Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Mathematical Models | Technology Assessment | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global | North America | Europe -
GuidelinesPublication 2016Estimating Health-State Utility for Economic Models: ISPOR Task Force Report
Cost-utility models are increasingly used in many countries to establish whether the cost of a …
Cost-utility models are increasingly used in many countries to establish whether the cost of a new intervention can be justified in terms of health benefits. Health-state utility (HSU) estimates (the preference for a given state of health on a cardinal scale where 0 represents dead and 1 represents full health) are typically among the most important and uncertain data inputs in cost-utility models. Clinical trials represent an important opportunity for the collection of health-utility data.…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Preferences/Values | Health Outcomes | Mathematical Models | Technology Assessment | Health/Medicine | Science/Technology | North America | Europe -
ArticlePublication 2016Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
This article, published in Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of …
This article, published in Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in an Ethiopian setting. Fifteen single interventions and sixteen intervention packages are assessed from a healthcare provider perspective. The results indicate that the escalating burden of CVD and its risk factors warrants timely action. Selected CVD intervention packages could be scaled up at a modest budget increase, but the level…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health/Medicine | Sub-Saharan Africa -
ArticlePublication 2016Estimation of the Cost-Effectiveness Threshold: Why, What, How?
This is a systematic review of the thresholds used in cost-effectiveness analyses in several international …
This is a systematic review of the thresholds used in cost-effectiveness analyses in several international settings. While many health care systems claim to incorporate the cost-effectiveness criterion in their investment decisions, the threshold value is often controversial and not publicly available. Even when available, it often lacks a theoretical or empirical basis. This article aims to identify and critically appraise the conceptual perspectives and methodologies used to date to estimate the cost-effectiveness threshold. The authors…
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Health Systems | Priority Setting/Ethics | Culture/Society | Health/Medicine