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ArticlePublication 2019Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions
This article and the accompanying working paper[1] review the literature and develop recommendations for valuing …
This article and the accompanying working paper[1] review the literature and develop recommendations for valuing mortality risk reductions in benefit-cost analyses that address low- and middle-income countries. Increasing life expectancy is a major goal of many policies implemented around the world. As a result, the value of reducing mortality risks has been extensively studied and several organizations have developed recommendations for estimating these values. However, both the recommendations and the underlying research primarily address high-income…
Health Outcomes | Preferences/Values | Priority Setting/Ethics | Decision Analysis | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Social Determinants | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global | Critical Thinking/Analysis -
Working PaperPublication 2018Valuing Nonfatal Health Risk Reductions
This paper explores approaches for valuing nonfatal risk reductions associated with policy choices in low- …
This paper explores approaches for valuing nonfatal risk reductions associated with policy choices in low- and middle-income countries. The approach for valuation ideally would be based on estimates of individuals’ willingness to pay for changes in their own risks. However, high quality valuation research is not available for many nonfatal conditions even in high-income settings. Typically, two approaches are used either alone or in combination as rough proxies. The first involves applying an estimate of…
Health Outcomes | Preferences/Values | Priority Setting/Ethics | Decision Analysis | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Social Determinants | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global | Critical Thinking/Analysis -
ArticlePublication 2019Improving Nutrition in Haiti
This case study examines the costs and benefits of a package of interventions targeting pregnant …
This case study examines the costs and benefits of a package of interventions targeting pregnant women and children to improve nutrition outcomes in Haiti. These interventions are expected to reduce child stunting, low birthweights, and maternal anemia, as well as deaths to infants and mothers and childhood illnesses. The paper tests the effects of various methodological choices on the valuation of avoided mortality, avoided non-fatal health risks and lifetime productivity, and finds that the benefits…
Health Outcomes | Preferences/Values | Priority Setting/Ethics | Decision Analysis | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Maternal/Reproductive Health | Child/Nutrition | Social Determinants | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global | Critical Thinking/Analysis -
ArticlePublication 2019Controlling Tuberculosis in South Africa
This case study examines the use of both cost-effectiveness analysis and benefit-cost analysis to address …
This case study examines the use of both cost-effectiveness analysis and benefit-cost analysis to address the likely impacts of competing interventions to improve identification of patients with tuberculosis in South Africa. It considers the impacts of different methodological choices for valuing mortality risk reductions and morbidity risk reductions. The results suggest that all combinations of interventions reduced untreated active disease and are likely to result in substantial gains compared to existing interventions.
Health Outcomes | Preferences/Values | Priority Setting/Ethics | Decision Analysis | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Infectious Diseases | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global | Critical Thinking/Analysis -
ArticlePublication 2019Reducing Air Pollution in India
This case study examines reducing air pollution in India. Air pollution is a persistent and …
This case study examines reducing air pollution in India. Air pollution is a persistent and well-established public health problem in India, and could worsen significantly over time if additional pollution controls are not implemented. The authors site a model coal-fired electricity generating unit at eight locations and examine the benefits and costs of retrofitting the plant with a scrubber unit that reduces sulfur dioxide emissions. They quantify the mortality benefits associated with the reduction in…
Health Outcomes | Preferences/Values | Priority Setting/Ethics | Decision Analysis | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Environmental Health | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | Global | Critical Thinking/Analysis -
ArticlePublication 2019Increasing Education in Lower-Middle-Income Countries
This case study examines the effects of increased education on mortality risks. Historically, benefit-cost analyses …
This case study examines the effects of increased education on mortality risks. Historically, benefit-cost analyses have focused on the effect of education on future wages. However, the available evidence also suggests that education reduces under-five and adult mortality rates. This paper estimates how net benefits, as well as the ratio of benefits to costs, responds to the approach used to value mortality risk reductions. It considers one additional year of schooling in lower-middle-income countries, incremental…
Health Outcomes | Preferences/Values | Priority Setting/Ethics | Decision Analysis | Benefit-Cost Analysis | Social Determinants | Policy/Regulation | Education/Labor | Global | Critical Thinking/Analysis
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