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ArticlePublication 2019Cost-Effectiveness of Community-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Interventions in Australia
This study examined the cost-effectiveness of community-based obesity prevention interventions (CBIs) consisting of strategies to …
This study examined the cost-effectiveness of community-based obesity prevention interventions (CBIs) consisting of strategies to promote healthy eating and physical activity for Australian children aged between 5-18 years. A multiple cohort Markov model that simulates diseases associated with overweight and obesity was used to estimate the health benefits, measured as health-adjusted life years (HALYs) and healthcare-related cost offsets from diseases averted due to exposure to the intervention. Health and cost outcomes were estimated over the…
Food/Agriculture | Health Outcomes | State-Transition | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Systems | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine | Oceania -
Fact SheetPublication 2024CHOICES: The Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost-Effectiveness Study
Adults and children in the U.S. consume more calories from foods and beverages than they …
Adults and children in the U.S. consume more calories from foods and beverages than they are expending. Over the past few decades, this trend has created an obesity epidemic. Identifying what works to prevent childhood obesity has become a priority for public health researchers, policymakers, and the general public. The Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost-Effectiveness Study (CHOICES) at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health is working to help reverse the U.S. obesity epidemic by…
Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Social Determinants | Health Systems | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2015Cost Effectiveness of an Elementary School Active Physical Education Policy
While most elementary schools in the U.S. do require some physical education (PE), on average, …
While most elementary schools in the U.S. do require some physical education (PE), on average, students spend less than half of class time engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). PE activity levels are lower when more class time is spent organizing students or reviewing rules, and when PE classes are led by classroom teachers instead of trained PE specialists. Policies aimed at increasing MVPA levels during PE class – “active PE” policies – have been…
Food/Agriculture | Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Systems | Clinical Care | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2017Diet, Physical Activity and Behavioral Interventions for the Treatment of Overweight or Obese Children, Ages 6-11 Years
Child and adolescent overweight and obesity has increased globally, and can be associated with significant …
Child and adolescent overweight and obesity has increased globally, and can be associated with significant short- and long-term health consequences. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effects of diet, physical activity, and behavioral interventions (behavior-changing interventions) for the treatment of overweight or obese children aged 6 to 11 years. The review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of diet, physical activity, and behavioral interventions for treating overweight or obese children aged 6…
Government/Law | Evidence Synthesis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Systems | Policy/Regulation | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine -
ArticlePublication 2017Cost-Effectiveness of Subsidizing Fruit and Vegetable through SNAP
A diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease …
A diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease - to incentivize consumption among low-income households one proposal is to make them more affordable through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). This cost effectiveness analysis adopts a societal perspective to estimate the value of subsidizing fruit and vegetable (FV) purchases among the one in seven Americans who participate in SNAP. A stochastic microsimulation model of obesity, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction,…
Food/Agriculture | Mathematical Models | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Social Determinants | Policy/Regulation | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2015Modeling the Cost Effectiveness of U.S. Child Care Policy Changes
Risk factors for obesity, including dietary habits, physical activity, and screen time behaviors develop in …
Risk factors for obesity, including dietary habits, physical activity, and screen time behaviors develop in early childhood, highlighting the importance of early intervention for obesity prevention. With nearly 70% of American preschool-aged children in out-of-home childcare facilities, these programs serve as an ideal intervention target. This study estimated the effect of hypothetical state-level regulations focused on beverage consumption, physical activity, and screen time. Using a simulation model, the authors found these regulatory changes would reach…
Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Mathematical Models | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Systems | Clinical Care | Education/Labor | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2016New Strategies to Prioritize Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Interventions
Interventions for obesity have not often been based on considerations that could predict their effectiveness. …
Interventions for obesity have not often been based on considerations that could predict their effectiveness. However, advances in research provide several new approaches that can inform priorities for public health interventions directed at nutrition, physical activity, and obesity. These approaches include estimation of the effect size, comparison of the calorie gap with the caloric deficit induced by the intervention, population reach and impact, cost and cost effectiveness of the intervention, time required to evaluate the…
Food/Agriculture | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Social Determinants | Health Systems | Policy/Regulation | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine | North America | Europe -
ArticlePublication 2015BMI and Healthcare Cost Impact of Eliminating Tax Subsidy for Advertising Unhealthy Food to Youth
Children in the U.S. are exposed to thousands of food-related TV advertisements, most of which …
Children in the U.S. are exposed to thousands of food-related TV advertisements, most of which promote nutritionally poor foods and drinks. Food marketers spend millions of dollars on youth-directed television each year, and these advertising expenditures are currently treated by the U.S. government as ordinary business expenses, meaning they receive a tax subsidy of nearly $80 million. This study estimated the cost-effectiveness of eliminating this tax subsidy. Using a simulation model, the authors found that…
Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Social Determinants | Policy/Regulation | Culture/Society | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2016U.S. States' Childhood Obesity Surveillance Practices and Recommendations, 2014–2015
This study examined the extent to which state governments conduct child body mass index (BMI) …
This study examined the extent to which state governments conduct child body mass index (BMI) surveillance. Routine surveillance of child BMI is needed to monitor the childhood obesity epidemic, particularly at the state and local levels. However, child BMI surveillance systems operated by the U.S. government do not provide state or local data on children across a range of ages. The authors conducted structured telephone surveys with state government administrators from August through December 2014…
Food/Agriculture | Evidence Synthesis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Systems | Clinical Care | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2015Cost Effectiveness of a SSB Excise Tax in the U.S.
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been closely linked with excess weight gain, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, …
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been closely linked with excess weight gain, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which has led to public health recommendations for higher taxes on unhealthy drinks like soda and sports drinks. This study estimated the cost-effectiveness of implementing a 1-cent per ounce SSB excise tax in the U.S. The authors developed a simulation model and found that implementing the tax nationally would cost $51 million in the first year and would reduce SSB…
Government/Law | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Social Determinants | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2015Cost Effectiveness of Childhood Obesity Interventions: Evidence and Methods for CHOICES
As the childhood obesity epidemic continues in the U.S., fiscal crises are leading policymakers to …
As the childhood obesity epidemic continues in the U.S., fiscal crises are leading policymakers to ask not only whether an intervention works, but also whether it offers good value for money spent. This paper discussed the methods used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four strategies to address the obesity epidemic: (1) a sugar-sweetened beverage excise tax; (2) eliminating the tax subsidy of TV advertising of unhealthy food to children; (3) early care and education policy…
Government/Law | Health Outcomes | Evidence Synthesis | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Social Determinants | Culture/Society | Health/Medicine | North America -
ReviewPublication 2016Strengthening Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Public Health Policy
Many important opportunities to improve health lie outside the health sector and involve improving the …
Many important opportunities to improve health lie outside the health sector and involve improving the conditions in which we live and work: safe design and maintenance of roads, bridges, train tracks, and airports; control of environmental pollutants; occupational safety; healthy buildings; a safe and healthy food supply; safe manufacture of consumer products; a healthy social environment; and others. Faced with the overwhelming array of possibilities, U.S. decision makers need help identifying those that can contribute the…
Food/Agriculture | Preferences/Values | Priority Setting/Ethics | Costing Methods | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Social Determinants | Environmental Health | Health Systems | Policy/Regulation | Climate/Environment | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2017Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Prioritize Approaches to Obesity Prevention in Childhood
Recommended levels of physical activity (PA) promote a healthy body weight and reduce chronic disease …
Recommended levels of physical activity (PA) promote a healthy body weight and reduce chronic disease risk. To help prioritize investment in PA promotion initiatives, this study estimated the impact of six recommended strategies to increase physical activity in U.S. school, afterschool, and childcare settings. Using a microsimulation model, the authors found that the number children reached by the interventions ranged from 90,000 attending a Healthy Afterschool Program to over 31 million reached by Active School…
Food/Agriculture | Priority Setting/Ethics | Microsimulation | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Systems | Policy/Regulation | Clinical Care | Climate/Environment | Education/Labor | Health/Medicine | North America -
ArticlePublication 2015Strengthening Systems to Create Healthy Food Environments and Reduce Global Obesity
This series paper argued for a strengthening of accountability systems across all actors to substantially …
This series paper argued for a strengthening of accountability systems across all actors to substantially improve performance on obesity reduction. To achieve the World Health Organization’s target to halt the rise in obesity and diabetes, dramatic actions are needed to improve the healthiness of food environments. In view of the industry opposition and government reluctance to regulate for healthier food environments, quasi-regulatory approaches might achieve progress. A four step accountability framework (take the account, share…
Food/Agriculture | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Systems | Policy/Regulation | Global Governance | Climate/Environment | Health/Medicine | Global -
ArticlePublication 2015Mobilization of Public Support for Policy Actions to Prevent Obesity
This series paper outlines a need to overhaul current strategies and reprioritizations of resources of …
This series paper outlines a need to overhaul current strategies and reprioritizations of resources of public support for policy actions to prevent obesity. Public mobilization is needed to enact obesity-prevention policies and to mitigate reaction against their implementation. Strategies to increase popular demand for obesity-prevention policies include refinement and streamlining of public information, identification of effective obesity frames for each population, strengthening of media advocacy, building of citizen protest and engagement, and development of a…
Food/Agriculture | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Policy/Regulation | Culture/Society | Education/Labor | Health/Medicine | Global -
ArticlePublication 2015Child and Adolescent Obesity: Part of a Bigger Picture
This series paper stresses a need for the governance of food supply and food markets …
This series paper stresses a need for the governance of food supply and food markets to be improved and commercial activities subordinated to protect and promote children's health. The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has risen substantially worldwide in less than one generation. In the U.S., the average weight of a child has risen by more than 5 kg within three decades, to a point where a third of the country's children are overweight…
Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Social Determinants | Health Systems | Policy/Regulation | Culture/Society | Health/Medicine | Global -
ArticlePublication 2015Management of Obesity: Improvement of Training & Systems for Prevention & Care
This series paper notes that obesity poses an enormous clinical burden and that innovative treatment …
This series paper notes that obesity poses an enormous clinical burden and that innovative treatment and care-delivery strategies are needed. Although the caloric deficits achieved by increased awareness, policy, and environmental approaches have begun to achieve reductions in the prevalence of obesity in some countries, these approaches are insufficient to achieve weight loss in patients with severe obesity. In addition to biases and unfounded assumptions about patients with obesity, absence of training in behavior-change strategies…
Food/Agriculture | Government/Law | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Health Systems | Policy/Regulation | Business/Industry | Health/Medicine | Global -
ReviewPublication 2011Simulation Models of Obesity: A Review of the Literature
Simulation models combine information from a variety of sources to provide a useful tool for …
Simulation models combine information from a variety of sources to provide a useful tool for examining how the effects of obesity unfold over time and impact population health. They can aid in the understanding of the complex interaction of the drivers of diet and activity and their relation to health outcomes. This paper provided an overview of different types of simulation models used to evaluate the potential impact of policies to address the obesity epidemic.…
Food/Agriculture | Mathematical Models | State-Transition | Microsimulation | Calibration/Validation | Decision Analysis | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine -
ArticlePublication 2011Health and Economic Burden of the Projected Obesity Trends in the U.S. and the U.K.
This study used a simulation model to project the health and economic consequences of a …
This study used a simulation model to project the health and economic consequences of a continued rise in obesity in the U.S. and U.K. by 2030. Trends in excess weight gain were forecasted to lead to an increased burden of several diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. The study projects that there will be 65 million more adults with obesity in the U.S., and 11 million more in the U.K., leading to an…
Food/Agriculture | Costing Methods | Health Outcomes | Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | Child/Nutrition | Chronic Disease/Risk | Economics/Finance | Health/Medicine | North America | Europe
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